|
Concealed carry or carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), is the practice of carrying a weapon (such as a handgun) in public in a concealed manner, either on one's person or in close proximity. Not all weapons that fall under CCW laws are lethal. For example, in Florida, carrying pepper spray in more than a specified volume (2 oz.) of chemical requires a CCW permit, whereas anyone may legally carry a smaller, so-called, “self-defense chemical spray” device hidden on their person without a CCW permit.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0700-0799/0790/Sections/0790.01.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0700-0799/0790/Sections/0790.001.html )〕 There is no federal law addressing the issuance of concealed-carry permits. All fifty states have passed laws allowing qualified individuals to carry certain concealed firearms in public, either without a permit or after obtaining a permit from a designated government authority at the state and/or local level. Vermont does not have such a statute but permits both open and concealed carry based on a court decision of long standing.〔(Right to Carry 2012 )〕 Illinois had been the last state without such a provision – but its long-standing ban on concealed weapons was overturned in a federal appeals court, on Constitutional grounds. Illinois was required by the court to draft a concealed carry law by July 9, 2013 (including a 30-day extension) at which time the Illinois legislature, over-riding the amendatory veto of the governor who had sought to impose many restrictions, approved concealed carry to begin January 2014, at the latest. The states give different terms for licenses or permits to carry a concealed firearm, such as a Concealed Handgun License/Permit (CHL/CHP), Concealed Carry Weapons (CCW), Concealed (Defensive/Deadly) Weapon Permit/License (CDWL/CWP/CWL), Concealed Carry Permit/License (CCP/CCL), License To Carry (Firearms) (LTC/LTCF), Carry of Concealed Deadly Weapon license (CCDW), Concealed Pistol License (CPL), etc. Thirteen states use a single permit to regulate the practices of both concealed and open carry of a handgun. Some states publish statistics indicating how many residents hold permits to carry concealed weapons, and their demographics. For example, Florida has issued 2,031,106 licenses since adopting its law in 1987, and had 843,463 licensed permit holders as of July 31, 2011.〔()'', Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services – Division of Licensing. Retrieved October 2011.〕 It is likely that by December 2012 Florida had reached the milestone of 1 million active licensees within a population of 19 million.〔(''Florida soon to be the home of 1 million concealed weapons owner''s – December 12, 2012 )'', Herald Tribune. Retrieved July 10, 2014.〕 Reported permit holders are predominantly male.〔()〕 Some states have reported the number of permit holders increasing over time.〔''(2005–2006 CCW Annual Report )'', Michigan State Police〕 "With hard numbers or estimates from all but three of the 49 states that have laws allowing for issuance of carry permits, the U.S. Government Accountability Office reports that there were about 8 million active permits in the United States as of December 31, 2011. That's about a million more than previous estimates by scholars."〔(''New Federal Report Shows Right-to-Carry Boom (July 20, 2012)'' ), NRA Institute for Legislative Affairs〕 The number of permits revocations is typically small.〔〔''(North Carolina Concealed Handgun Permit Statistics by County – 12/01/1995 through 09/30/2004 )'', North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Concealed Weapon / Firearm Summary Report – October 1, 1987 – September 30, 2010 )〕 The grounds for revocation in most states, other than expiration of a time-limited permit without renewal, is typically the commission of a gross misdemeanor or felony by the permit holder. While these crimes are often firearm-related (including unlawful carry), a 3-year study of Texas crime statistics immediately following passage of CHL legislation found that the most common crime committed by CHL holders that would be grounds for revocation was DUI, followed by unlawful carry and then aggravated assault. The same study concluded that Texas CHL holders were less likely to commit any particular type of crime than the general population, and overall were 13 times less likely to commit any crime.〔An Analysis Of The Arrest Rate Of Texas Concealed Handgun License Holders As Compared To The Arrest Rate Of The Entire Texas Population (1996–1998), Revised to include 1999 data (PDF ) and (HTML )〕 This is also in line with a much cited research study published in 1997〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Crime, Deterrence, and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns )〕 researching county level data from 1977 to 1992 concluding that allowing citizens to carry concealed weapons deters violent crimes and it appears to produce no increase in accidental deaths. However, a 2014 research report〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Impact of Right to Carry Laws and the NRC Report: The Latest Lessons for the Empirical Evaluation of Law and Policy )〕 concluded an 8% increase of aggravated assaults. ==History== Concealed weapons bans were passed in Kentucky and Louisiana in 1813. (In those days open carry of weapons for self-defense was considered acceptable; concealed carry was denounced as the practice of criminals.) By 1859, Indiana, Tennessee, Virginia, Alabama, and Ohio had followed suit. By the end of the nineteenth century, similar laws were passed in places such as Texas, Florida, and Oklahoma, which protected some gun rights in their state constitutions. Before the mid 1900s, most U.S. states had passed concealed carry laws rather than banning weapons completely. Until the late 1990s, many Southern states were either ''No-Issue'' or ''Restrictive May-Issue,'' which were a vestige of the Jim Crow era. Since then, these states have largely enacted ''Shall-Issue'' licensing laws, with Arizona, Wyoming, Kansas and Arkansas legalizing ''Unrestricted'' concealed carry. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Concealed carry in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|